Proyectos

Desarrollo de tecnologías de modelación para evaluar y optimizar sistemas de recarga artificial

La región de O´Higgins, cuya principal actividad económica corresponde a la agricultura, está siendo severamente afectada por la sequía como consecuencia del cambio climático, generando impactos negativos para este sector productivo . Así, la búsqueda de especies y/o cultivares con mayor tolerancia al estrés hídrico es clave para diversificar l a matriz productiva de la región. El almendro es una opción viable para la región debido a su ampliamente reportada tolerancia al estrés hídrico, con gran éxito en el cultivo de esta especie en áreas con clima Mediterráneo, incluyendo Chile, por lo que la identificación de cultivares con mayor tolerancia a este estrés es de importancia. A nivel fisiológico, el principal efecto del estrés hídrico es el cierre estomático, con el objetivo de evitar una disminución drástica en el estado hídrico de la planta (p otencial hídrico, Ψ L ), esto disminuye la asimilación de carbono y por consiguiente la producción. Sin embargo, especies y cultivares han desarrollado distintas estrategias para responder frente al estrés hídrico, lo que se ha descrito a través de los compo rtamientos isohídricos y anisohídricos. En breve, especies/cultivares con comportamiento isohídrico se caracterizan por un rápido cierre estomático frente al estrés hídrico previniendo así caídas drásticas en Ψ L . Por el contrario, especies/cultivares aniso hídricos mantienen la apertura estomática durante el estrés, permitiendo una caída en Ψ L y, por lo tanto, sosteniendo la asimilación de carbono. En consecuencia, el comportamiento anisohídrico se asocia a mayores tasas fotosintéticas y eficiencia de uso de agua a pesar de la escasez hídrica. La caracterización e identificación de genotipos anisohídricos es importante para optimizar la búsqueda de nuevos cultivares a ser producidos en la región de O´Higgins, especialmente en el secano interior donde los efec tos del déficit hídrico son más severos. Como parte del desarrollo del proyecto Fondecyt de iniciación de la Dra. Alvarez, se han identificado y caracterizado a nivel fisiológico tres cultivares de almendro con comportamiento an/isohídricos contrastantes: Avijor, Isabelona y Soleta. Si bien el proyecto anteriormente descrito incluye el análisis transcripcional de algunos genes, que hipotéticamente tendrían un rol en la diferenciación entre ambos comportamientos, este análisis puntual no permitiría comprende r en profundidad los mecanismos moleculares y rutas que subyacen procesos adaptativos y respuestas a señales ambientales a nivel de genoma completo. Para ahondar en esto último, hemos planteado el siguiente objetivo general: “ Determinar las diferencias gen ómicas, epigenéticas y transcriptómicas que determinan el fenotipo anisohídrico e isohídrico entre distintos cultivares de almendro durante el estrés de déficit hídrico” hídrico”. Sin embargo, a la fecha solamente tres variedades de almendro han sido secuenciadas : Nonpareil, Texas y Lauranne. Si bien el genoma de esta especie es pequeño (~250Mb) su alto nivel de heterocigosidad dificulta su ensamble. Específicamente para esta especie, abordaremos la secuenciación del genoma con una estrategia híbrida que integra d atos de Oxford Nanopore (para secuencias largas) y MGI (lecturas cortas) y algoritmos desarrollados por el Dr. Di Genova que permitirán realizar construcciones a escala cromosómica para las tres variedades propuestas. Los genomas ensamblados permitirán det erminar variantes genéticas y patrones epigenéticos diferenciales entre los tres cultivares propuestos. Adicionalmente, secuenciaremos y analizaremos datos de expresión génica de las tres variedades enfrentadas a estrés hídrico, lo que nos permitirá estudi ar por primera vez el impacto funcional de variantes genéticas y epigenéticas asociados al estrés hídrico. En resumen, nuestro proyecto multidisciplinario generará el genoma de referencia y epigenoma para los tres cultivares: Avijor, Isabelona y Soleta. A dicionalmente, realizaremos un primer mapeo a nivel genómico, epigenético y de expresión de los mecanismos y programas moleculares durante el estrés hídrico de los tres cultivares de almendro.

The Chilean government recently launched the national cancer plan to increase survival rates and reduce cancer incidence, which is projected to become the first cause of death in the Chilean population. Only in 2020, more than 55,000 new cases of cancer were registered. Therefore, starting the molecular characterization of the prevalent cancers of the Chilean population is urgent since this can inform therapeutic decisions and thus promote more specific treatments for patients, positively impacting survival rates and prevention. Due to the constant improvement of sequencing technologies, cancer research increasingly relies on the interpretation and analysis of high-dimensional genomic data. Genomic cancer analysis has revealed that the mutation repertoire of tumors is vast and goes from single nucleotide variants to whole-genome duplications. Structural variants (SVs) and copy number alterations are significant drivers of cancer proliferation and represent the building blocks of complex mutational processes involving the rearrangement of large genomic regions. These complex genomic rearrangements have functional consequences (e.g., gene fusion formation, inactivation of tumor suppressor) and have been associated with lower survival and poor response to immunotherapy. The patterns of small somatic variants have been well studied and characterized in human cancers. However, the genetic architecture and functional consequences of complex genomic rearrangements, despite their clinical significance, still need to be explored due to algorithmic and technological limitations. Therefore, the aims of this proposal are first to develop novel computational tools to fully characterize the genetic architecture of complex genomic rearrangements and second to study their functional impact on tumor gene expression programs through the lens of a solid theoretical framework. Methodologically, the de novo assembly of genomes is the only approach that allows a complete and unbiased characterization of all genomic alterations. Recently, we developed WENGAN, a new algorithm for the ultrafast, accurate, and complete de novo reconstruction of human genomes combining short and long reads technologies. Initial validation of WENGAN for de novo reconstruction of cancer genomes enabled the discovery of a large degree of tumor genomic reorganization with thousands of SVs. The latter remains elusive when using alternative algorithms and technologies. Therefore, this experience represents a solid foundation for developing this proposal. We will work with the following specific objectives: 1) Develop efficient algorithms to reconstruct haplotype-resolved genomes; 2) combine haplotype-resolved genomes and variation graphs with building complete structural variant maps of tumors; 3) study the functional impact of complex SVs at the single-cell level; and 4) Infer from multi-omic data the tumor tasks (trade-offs) using the multi-task evolution theory. We have assembled a multidisciplinary network of national and international (France and Germany) experts in algorithms, sequencing technologies, and cancer genomics to develop these objectives. Additionally, we compromise the mentoring and training of undergraduate and magister students by offering thesis topics directly related to the proposal's goals. In summary, we propose an approach that integrates the development of new computational algorithms, a solid theoretical framework, and the generation of state-of-the-art multi-omic data to study the genetic architecture and functional impact of large-scale genomic rearrangements in a prevalent Chilean cancer. The project will deliver, in four years, the first haplotype-resolved Chilean genome, the first graph reference of Chilean individuals, and the first multi-omic characterization of a prevalent Chilean cancer.

Center for Mathematical Modeling.

Proyecto interno de la UOH de carácter multidisciplinario que busca crear mapas moleculares multiómicos de los cánceres prevalentes en la región, utilizando tecnologías de vanguardia y algoritmos avanzados.

Implementación de una microrred de energías renovables (solar, eólica y geotérmica) en el distrito salinero artesanal Barranca-La Villa de Cáhuil. Implementación de una planta piloto geotérmica de producción de sal y electrificación de bombas y planta de yodación comunitaria mediante energías renovables no convencionales.

Ensure a secure and sustainable energy and mineral supply is a major challenge for the 21th century. Understanding the nature and evolution of hydrothermal systems can contribute to that aim by improving the effectiveness of exploration strategies for geothermal energy and precious metal epithermal deposits. Studies bridging together geochemistry and structural geology have shown that fault activity plays a critical role on fluid circulation and fluid chemical composition in hydrothermal systems. Despite the relevance of processes affecting the chemical and physical dimensions in such dynamic systems, little is known about the residence times of fluids and its metal budget in different structural contexts. Into this framework, fundamental questions arise regarding the optimal conditions leading to the development of high enthalpy geothermal resources and the formation of epithermal deposits: What is the structural control on the sources and concentration of base metals in hydrothermal fluids? How does the structural context affect the water residence times in hydrothermal systems? How does the meteoric recharge affect the geothermal systems in different structural domains? An ideal natural laboratory to address these questions is the Andean Cordillera of Central-Southern Chile, where hydrothermal systems occur in close spatial relationship with active volcanism as well as major seismically-active fault systems. Recent studies based on fluid geochemistry and noble gases isotopic composition have shown that the intersection of structural features promotes both the accumulation formation of magmatic/hydrothermal reservoir in the upper crust exerting a first-order control on hydrothermal fluid composition by conditioning residence times of magmas, promoting magma differentiation and separation of magmatic vapors. However, how similar processes are involved on residence times and metal budget of hydrothermal fluids remains unconstrained. We propose a geochemical and multi-isotopic study that integrates state-of-the-art analytical techniques to unravel the circulation times and base metals contribution from magma degassing and water- rock interaction in two volcano-tectonic settings in Southern Andes, i) the arc parallel strike-slip Liquiñe- Ofqui Fault System (LOFS) and ii) the intersection between the LOFS structures and the Andean Transverse Fault (ATF). I will integrate major and trace elements (e.g., Cu, Pb, Zn, among others) geochemistry of hot springs with water dating systems (3H-3He, 14C, U-Th/4He), noble gas (3He/4He; 40Ar/36Ar, 4He/20Ne), strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and water stable (𝛿!"𝑂, 𝛿 #𝐻) isotopes to identify the circulation times, recharge condition and metal budget of hydrothermal systems. This study will be the first to directly measure the residence times and metals contents of hydrothermal fluids in the Southern Andes of Chile. The results from the study will contribute to a better understanding of the fundamental geological and environmental controls on the evolution of hydrothermal systems. The data will directly impact the community exploring for geothermal energy in the Andes because it will help them to better constrain the formation and recharge times of geothermal reservoirs. In addition, this will be an original contribution that will impact the general geochemical science community, as no data exists on the links between residence times of hydrothermal fluids and the structural context.

Ensuring a secure and sustainable water supply is a major challenge for the 21th century. The population growth, urbanization, and industrial/agriculture expansion need an increasing water provision, delivered at a constant rate. Furthermore, under the current climate change and droughts scenarios, with the depletion of surface water storage and quality, groundwater resources are fulfilling the growing water requirement for food and energy production. Estimated data indicate that in the 2010 ́s, groundwater supplies 36% of potable water, 43% of irrigated agriculture (considering the baseflow feeding rivers, this percentage is higher), and 24% of direct industrial water supply. The groundwater use is growing at a rate of 5% per year, and by 2050, the food and water demand will increase by 50%. However, the misconceiving and oversimplification of conceptual models about groundwater recharge points out that around 25% of its use is unsustainable. These considerations highlight how identifying innovative and integrated solutions to tackle the intertwined challenges of water and climate change as well as the complex interlink between water, energy, and food supply systems under current climate variability is an increasingly major imperative for the near future. The study of the water–energy–food nexus has received increasing attention from the global scientific community, focusing on how these three elements can interact sustainably. The interdependence of water resources, energy generation, and food production depends on reliable data and information on these resources. In this context, groundwater can serve to supply water and energy demand, strengthening food security and reducing fossil fuel energy dependence. Aquifers can provide water and geothermal energy, a clean baseload resource independent from weather conditions, which could significantly contribute to energy needs, improved air quality and food production as well as to reach the decarbonization targets. This combined aquifer’s use improvement could be especially relevant in urban areas where more than 50% of the world’s population lives and which is forecast to increase to 68% by 2050 with associated greenhouse gas emissions growth up to 80%. Aquifers are important heat reservoirs because groundwater flow is a powerful heat carrier, which can help achieve a more sustainable water-energy-food management, representing a major challenge to improving water, energy, and food security. In fact, by 2050, the demand for water and food is expected to increase by 60%, and the energy demand will be practically doubled. In this proposal, the WEF nexus will be specially addressed from the point of view of resources to generate the necessary knowledge to understand its complexity in Central Chile, and that will provide a timely transfer of the existing connections to decision makers and society. The aim of this study will be to comprehend the recharge and connection of surface and ground water in Central Chile and unravel their relationship with energy and food production. In this sense, the focus is on evaluating the hydrological cycle from mountain areas to the lowlands and evaluating the possibility that water resources can generate enough heat for direct geothermal projects. These results, calculated based on real and current water data, will provide valuable information for the energy transition in Central Chile and will be an instrument to evaluate the real possibility of greenhouse gas reduction. Food production not only needs water but also to increase its resilience to extreme events (frost, heavy rains, etc.), so the relationship between water availability, production per hectare, and geothermal energy (direct use) to stabilize crop conditions will be explored.

We propose to undertake a 3-year long project, devoted to achieving a detailed comprehension of the Li dynamics and impacts, from source to sink, in the Andean salars (including Preandean and high Andean salars) of the Antofagasta Region of Chile (Fig. 1). The methodological approach is multidisciplinary and includes geological, hydrological, mineralogical, geochemical, microbiological and social techniques. The specific study cases are given by the Salar de Atacama (SDA), recognized as the most important Li brine reservoir in Chile (Cabello, 2022), and 3 salt flats domains located eastwards; these latter domains are, from south to north: Northern domain. Pujsa, Tara, and Quisquiro salt lakes. Southern domain. Capur, Talar, and Tuyajto salt lakes. Central domain. Aguas Calientes Sur and Laguna Lejia salt lakes.