Proyectos

Fondos para apoyar la realizacion de la Fourth Latin American Summer School on Robotics (LACORO 2025). La primera edición se realizó online en octubre de 2020; la segunda fue presencial en enero de 2023; la tercera 2024 en la Universidad de O'Higgins en Rancagua, Chile. La cuarta edición tendrá lugar en diciembre de 2025 en la Universidad de O'Higgins. https://lacoro.org/ Esta Escuela de Verano beneficiará principalmente a Estudiantes y Académicos de las Américas interesados en la Investigación en Inteligencia Artificial aplicada a la Robótica. Nuestro objetivo es fomentar la colaboración nacional y regional en esta área de investigación. Para la primera edición, alcanzamos 241 inscripciones para actividades online de todo el mundo, y la segunda versión tuvo 166 inscripciones para actividades presenciales en enero de 2023, principalmente de Chile, México, Argentina, Brasil y Uruguay.

[vc_section el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center circle--pattern" css=".vc_custom_1648956589196{padding-top: 3rem !important;}"][vc_row el_class="pb-5"][vc_column][vc_wp_custommenu nav_menu="6"][uoh_breadcrumb_component automatic_breadcrumb="true"][uoh_title_component title_dropdown="big" title_decorator="true"]{{title}}[/uoh_title_component][vc_column_text css=""]This research proposal aims to study the long-term behavior of solutions to partial differential equations arising from dispersive dynamics, kinetic models, and integro-differential dynamics in ecology; and to study extremals of functional inequalities in connection to the ground states of partial differential equations arising from quantum mechanics and diffusion phenomena. Five major topics are proposed: Relativistic quantum mechanics, Dirac operators and functional inequalities; Symmetry breaking in weighted functional inequalities and weighted diffusions; long time dynamics in dispersive PDEs in one space dimension; long-term dynamics in nonlocal models from ecology; and hypocoercivity and decay to equilibrium in kinetic models with heavy tails. The first topic focuses on establishing connections between spectral problems and functional inequalities for Dirac operators. The aim is to analyse the symmetry of optimal spinors in inequalities of Keller-Lieb-Thirring type, and to obtain the solitary waves of Soler-type nonlinear Dirac equations as optimizers of a nonlinear inequality. The second topic aims to characterize a symmetry range in which optimal functions are radially symmetric for weighted logarithmic Sobolev inequalities and a new family of Caffarelli-Kohn-Nirenberg inequalities. A nonlinear carré-du-champ method will be adapted to prove entropy-type estimates. Rigidity, perturbation, and stability issues will be addressed. The third topic seeks to study the asymptotic stability of topological and non-topological solitions for a class of dispersive PDEs in dimension one. A new method is proposed, based on perturbations in weighted spaces with exponential weights, on the so-called virial identities, and on the study of existence of breathers. The fourth topic concerns the description of evolutionary stable strategies of long-term dynamics of integro-differential models that arise in the modeling of structured populations, and to obtain qualitative and quantitative insights on the concentration dynamics. In the fifth topic, the aim is to extend the Dolbeault-Mouhot-Schmeiser method to study the large-time behavior of solutions for a broad family of kinetic equations in which the confinement potential exhibits heavy tails. The goals of this project are multiple: to strengthen and to create new collaborative research networks between France and Chile in the field of nonlinear partial differential equations and applications, to publish co-authored articles in top-tier journals and disseminate the results in international meetings, and to promote the formation of advanced human capital. In order to achieve these goals, yearly workshops will be organized in France and Chile to account for the progress of the investigations as well as to encourage the participation of students and young researchers. International training of doctoral and postdoctoral researchers will be ensured by allocating resources from this project for exchanges. Considering the history of successful collaboration amongst the members of this project, and their expertise in their research fields, we are confident about the successful termination of the project. In particular, we expect to pave the way for new research avenues. The main scientific contribution of this proposal involves adapting state-of-the-art techniques from PDEs and nonlinear analysis to obtain qualitative and quantitative results for variational problems and partial differential equations, in which the setting plays a crucial role: complex-valued matrices (first topic), nonlinear and weighted (second topic), strongly nonlinear and dispersive (third topic), nonlocal (fourth topic), general assumption on the tail of the confining potential (fifth topic). This proposed research will provide insights into spectral theory, stability theory of equilibria of differential equations, optimal rates of convergence to equilibria, and their relation to optimal constants in functional inequalities. The expected results will help improving the understanding of various real-life phenomena, including population-dynamics, relativistic quantum mechanics, and diffussion processes. The viability of the project is sustained on the expertise of the members of the Chilean and French research teams, including experts in partial differential equations, nonlinear analysis, calculus of variations, and mathematical physics. Their successful collaboration record and significant contributions to these fields only strengthen the potential of this proposal. In conclusion, the present research project will not only foster the scientific cooperation between Chile and France but it will also provide meaningful advancements in the aforementioned fields and their application to various physical phenomena.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649209804184{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center p-md-0 pt-5"][vc_column el_class="p-0"][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649210787516{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5 pb-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center"][vc_column][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section]

[vc_section el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center circle--pattern" css=".vc_custom_1648956589196{padding-top: 3rem !important;}"][vc_row el_class="pb-5"][vc_column][vc_wp_custommenu nav_menu="6"][uoh_breadcrumb_component automatic_breadcrumb="true"][uoh_title_component title_dropdown="big" title_decorator="true"]{{title}}[/uoh_title_component][vc_column_text css=""]Plants, with their two-layered immune system, are equipped to combat pathogen invasion. The first layer, Pattern Triggered Immunity (PTI), is a powerful defense mechanism. It relies on Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) to detect Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns (MAMPs) from microbes, triggering a robust defense response. This response, including signaling cascades, gene expression changes, and production of antimicrobials and defense hormones, contributes to restricting pathogen colonization. PTI activation can trigger a systemic response known as Induced Systemic Resistance (IRS), enhancing plant defenses throughout the organism and leading to Non-Host-Resistance. The potential of PTI activation to enhance a plant's overall defensive capacity is a promising strategy to improve crop health. PTI activation at infection sites triggers the production of mobile signals within the plant, which then spread IRS throughout the plant, enhancing its overall defensive capacity. Flg22 and xyn11, two well-known MAMPs, trigger PTI in tomato, activating various defense responses and, interestingly, including IRS in tomatoes and other plants. Plant roots, often overlooked in discussions of plant immune systems, possess their own immune system, though less potent than leaves. They respond to MAMPs like Flg22 and chitin, but with weaker production of defense chemicals. Despite this difference, roots activate various defenses like PR proteins and callose deposition. Uniquely, roots secrete antifungal secondary metabolites like flavonoids. These root exudates play a crucial role in shaping the surrounding microbiome, attracting beneficial microbes, and possess antimicrobial activity itself. Studies have shown that root exudate composition can be manipulated to influence the soil microbiome and potentially enhance plant growth. This underlines the importance of considering roots in our understanding of plant immune systems, particularly how defense responses are displayed in the root after immune activation in leaves in terms of a systemic immune response. This often overlooked aspect is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of plant immunity. Plants and microbes communicate two-way, establishing an interaction, by instance, plant root exudates influence the composition of the rhizosphere microbiome, which in turn regulates plant growth and immunity. Research suggests that specific bacteria within the rhizosphere microbiome can enhance plant immunity. In fact, transplanting the microbiome from a resistant tomato variety to a susceptible one improved disease resistance. Understanding this plant-microbiome-soil interaction is crucial for developing sustainable agriculture. Our ongoing research investigates how soil type influences tomato immunity and its connection to the soil microbiome. Preliminary results show that different soil types affect the strength of plant immunity responses, even though the overall bacterial types (phyla) are similar. Interestingly, specific bacterial isolates from a soil type with higher immunity were able to directly trigger plant defense mechanisms. Unraveling the intricate interplay between soil type, the rhizosphere microbiome, and tomato immunity holds the key to unlocking sustainable and resilient agricultural practices. This proposal aims to investigate the potential of targeted Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI) activation in tomato leaves to enhance plant defense against diverse pathogens. We hypothesize that leaf application of microbial elicitors (flg22 and Xyn11) will trigger PTI, leading to changes in root gene expression and root exudate composition. These alterations are expected to enrich beneficial bacteria in the rhizosphere microbiome, ultimately enhancing resistance against both the foliar pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and the soil-borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. To achieve this, we have defined three specific objectives: 1) Evaluate the impact of leaf-applied elicitors on pathogen susceptibility, root gene expression, root exudate composition, and soil microbiome composition. 2) Develop synthetic exudates mimicking PTI-activated plants and construct synthetic microbial communities potentially containing beneficial bacteria. 3) Assess the effectiveness of leaf-applied elicitors and synthetic microbial communities on the root microbiome and plant health under field conditions. With this, we aim to elucidate the mechanisms by which leaf-based PTI activation influences root-level processes and shapes the rhizosphere microbiome to enhance tomato plant defense against various pathogens. The findings hold promise for developing novel and sustainable strategies for disease management in tomato production.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649209804184{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center p-md-0 pt-5"][vc_column el_class="p-0"][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649210787516{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5 pb-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center"][vc_column][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section]

[vc_section el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center circle--pattern" css=".vc_custom_1648956589196{padding-top: 3rem !important;}"][vc_row el_class="pb-5"][vc_column][vc_wp_custommenu nav_menu="6"][uoh_breadcrumb_component automatic_breadcrumb="true"][uoh_title_component title_dropdown="big" title_decorator="true"]{{title}}[/uoh_title_component][vc_column_text css=""]Beccaria y la escuela clásica pusieron en tela de juicio el sistema de justicia medieval caracterizado por su arbitrariedad y excesiva crueldad. De esta forma, propusieron un conjunto de ideas (p.ej. legalidad, humanidad y proporcionalidad de las penas, debido proceso) para limitar el poder de castigo estatal, racionalizar el uso de la fuerza y disminuir la aplicación de la crueldad, llevando reformar el sistema penal de la época. El pensamiento de otros autores y la emergencia de los derechos humanos permitieron que estas ideas se incorporaran en las actuales democracias liberales comprometidas con el Estado de derecho. Así, en el ámbito penal, a nivel de leyes, constitucional y del derecho internacional, se construyó un sistema de protección del individuo frente al ius puniendi, y que aquí englobamos ampliamente bajo el término “Principios Penales liberales” (en adelante PPL) para referirnos a aquellos principios, sub-principios, ideas, derechos y/o garantías destinadas a limitar y racionalizar el ejercicio de la justicia penal. Aunque estos PPL se encuentran incorporados e institucionalizados, corrientes actuales como el Populismo Penal , la cultura del Control, la punitividad pública, el Derecho Penal del enemigo o los estudios en actitudes punitivas permitirían pensar que los PPL tendrían hoy un bajo respaldo ciudadano. Además, en el actual contexto chileno caracterizado por un incremento en la preocupación por la seguridad, es esperable que la opinión pública vea con reticencia estos PPLL por considerarse que favorecen a los delincuentes y limitan la capacidad estatal para controlar el crimen. Desde el ámbito político, que descansa en buena medida en la opinión pública, algunos actores plantean restablecer la pena de muerte, buscan limitar derecho a defensa gratuito o aumentar desproporcionadamente las penas. También, desde ciertos sectores políticos se ha presionado o cuestionado el actuar de jueces/as y fiscalía sin evaluar las consecuencias de estas acciones para la imparcialidad, en un contexto en el que el término de ‘garantismo jurídico’ parece ser concebido como como una característica negativa del sistema jurídico. Medidas y acciones de este tipo amenazan este conjunto de PPL y la protección del individuo frente al Estado. Dado que, desde el punto de vista politológico, las instituciones requieren de cierto umbral de respaldo subjetivo para su legitimidad social, resulta fundamental estudiar el apoyo ciudadano a los PPL que subyacen al sistema de justicia penal. A pesar, sin embargo, de la relevancia de este tema, la literatura en torno a lo que en adelante llamaremos las ‘Actitudes Ciudadanas hacia los Principios Penales Liberales’ (en adelante APPL) es sumamente escasa. Investigaciones previas solo han abordado el respaldo hacia ciertos principios aislados, hacia un set de PPL , pero no hacia el conjunto completo de PPL subyacentes al sistema de justicia. Sin embargoA pesar de lo anterior, investigación seminal y exploratoria en torno al tema se ha realizado en el contexto chileno identificándose una baja adhesión ciudadana a los PPL y, también,a la vez que, esto se han encontradomantendría un correlatos con el género, la educación y la orientación política de las personas. Por últimoOtro ejemplo de investigación emergente en la temática es, en Reino Unido. En este último páís -con sistema jurídico consuetudinario- se ha validado a nivel confirmatorio una escala (actualmente en revisión) para medir las APPL (en adelante E-APPL). Empero, esta escala no ha sido aplicada aun en otros países, o contextos con sistema de derecho escrito. Adicionalmente, tampoco hay hallazgos sobre los posibles factores explicativos de las APPL y sus consecuencias, relevándose entonces un vacío de conocimiento necesario de abordar. Considerando esto, y mediante una metodología mixta (cuantitativa y cualitativa), nuestra investigación busca estudiar las APPL en población residente en Chile. Específicamente, se busca a) describir los niveles y tipos APPL, b) los posibles factores que explican o dan cuenta de las APPL, y c) las consecuencias de las APPL para la legitimidad y confianza en el sistema de justicia chileno.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649209804184{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center p-md-0 pt-5"][vc_column el_class="p-0"][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649210787516{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5 pb-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center"][vc_column][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section]

[vc_section el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center circle--pattern" css=".vc_custom_1648956589196{padding-top: 3rem !important;}"][vc_row el_class="pb-5"][vc_column][vc_wp_custommenu nav_menu="6"][uoh_breadcrumb_component automatic_breadcrumb="true"][uoh_title_component title_dropdown="big" title_decorator="true"]{{title}}[/uoh_title_component][vc_column_text css=""]The nation-state is an organization defined by two principles: its interests (e.g., political, economic, cultural) and its security. Therefore, states constantly seek survival, in which security plays a prominent role, surpassing all other issues (Waltz, 1979). The extent to which the movement of people across international borders has become a security issue is evident in how the migration-security nexus is prevalent in the current public and media debate around the globe, including Chile. This proposal stands on the premise that in a democratic society, mainstream media press is a highly significant actor in influencing levels of public concern and shaping people's attitudes towards social developments and phenomena, including migration and its securitization (Scherman et al., 2022; Ekman & Krzyzanowski, 2021). The representation of immigrants in mainstream media press creates opportunities for immigrants to either become part of society or be excluded from the public sphere. The main objective of this proposal is to analyze the media framing of the securitization of the "migration crisis" in the Chilean mainstream media press during 2014-2026. Further on, this main objective is broken down into three specific objectives (SO), namely: SO1: To identify the media news frames of the securitization of the "migration crisis" in Chilean mainstream press during 2014-2026. SO2: To analyze the consolidation of media news frames of the securitization of the "migration crisis" in Chilean mainstream press during 2014-2026. SO3: To compare the media news frames of the securitization of the "migration crisis" between the Northern, the Southern, and the Metropolitan Regions' mainstream press during 2014-2026. The empirical part includes the analysis of all informative pieces concerning the issues of security and immigration collected from the national editions of seven leading Chilean newspapers published in the Northern, Metropolitan, and Southern regions throughout a decade timespan (2014-2026). Such an elaborate dataset will reveal systematic longitudinal analysis across time, regions, and media outlets, providing a profound understanding of Chile's securitization of the "migration crisis." The proposed methodological paths for each SO are: SO1 will employ news framing analysis (de Vreese, 2005; Muñiz, 2011) to identify the media coverage frames of the securitization of the "migration crisis," applying a manual qualitative content analysis using Atlas. Ti 23 software for better coding manageability (Kovar, 2023; Vázquez-Herrero et al., 2022; Sarah-Liu, 2021). We will follow an inductive approach in which frames emerge from the collected corpus in situ (Semetko & Valkenburg, 2000) since it broadens the possibility of discovering a more amplified list of frames, thus contributing to a deeper analysis of the issue. SO2 will use a frequency analysis in Atlas.ti 23 and in Microsoft Excel (v2023) to identify and examine the most prominent media frames over the selected period. SO3 will follow a comparative analysis (Collier, 1993) to define similarities and/or differences between a) different media conglomerates (El Mercurio S.A.P and COPESA S.A) and independent outlets (Publimetro) and b) the Northern, the Metropolitan, and the Southern regions over the selected period. In addition, our longitudinal data (2014-2026) allows us to study possible changes in media framing covering the migration-security nexus over a decade, providing a comprehensive study on the issue currently under development across the national mainstream press. The main expected result is the generation of empirical evidence that advances understanding of the dominant frames of the securitization of the "migration crisis" in Chile. Given that most of the previous and current research on media securitization of migration has been EU or US-centered, our project calls for de-Westernizing this issue by contributing to a Latin American perspective to expand the geographical reach of research beyond European and US borders. As such, it offers new insights into the complexities of the securitization of the "migration crisis" in Chilean media and will contribute to the area of ​​Communication and Social Studies and anyone interested in migration and security issues. Likewise, since the securitization of migration reinforces a politics of fear and racism (Wodak, 2015), our findings may also concern the Ministry of the Interior and Public Security, which is responsible for public policies and laws regarding immigration. The association of migration with security can be reflected in laws and policies that the country may adopt toward migrants through limiting access to certain nationalities, changes in visa procedures, higher security controls, and, most importantly, deterioration of the rights of migrants (Planas Gifra, 2024). Finally, as this project will empirically identify migration-security patterns in the mainstream press and track their evolution, identifying potential shifts over a decade's time span, it will help us raise public and service awareness in Chile by generating policy papers, infographics, and seminars for the lay public and opinion columns in local and national media, among others.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649209804184{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center p-md-0 pt-5"][vc_column el_class="p-0"][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649210787516{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5 pb-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center"][vc_column][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section]

[vc_section el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center circle--pattern" css=".vc_custom_1648956589196{padding-top: 3rem !important;}"][vc_row el_class="pb-5"][vc_column][vc_wp_custommenu nav_menu="6"][uoh_breadcrumb_component automatic_breadcrumb="true"][uoh_title_component title_dropdown="big" title_decorator="true"]{{title}}[/uoh_title_component][vc_column_text css=""]The nation-state is an organization defined by two principles: its interests (e.g., political, economic, cultural) and its security. Therefore, states constantly seek survival, in which security plays a prominent role, surpassing all other issues (Waltz, 1979). The extent to which the movement of people across international borders has become a security issue is evident in how the migration-security nexus is prevalent in the current public and media debate around the globe, including Chile. This proposal stands on the premise that in a democratic society, mainstream media press is a highly significant actor in influencing levels of public concern and shaping people's attitudes towards social developments and phenomena, including migration and its securitization (Scherman et al., 2022; Ekman & Krzyzanowski, 2021). The representation of immigrants in mainstream media press creates opportunities for immigrants to either become part of society or be excluded from the public sphere. The main objective of this proposal is to analyze the media framing of the securitization of the "migration crisis" in the Chilean mainstream media press during 2014-2026. Further on, this main objective is broken down into three specific objectives (SO), namely: SO1: To identify the media news frames of the securitization of the "migration crisis" in Chilean mainstream press during 2014-2026. SO2: To analyze the consolidation of media news frames of the securitization of the "migration crisis" in Chilean mainstream press during 2014-2026. SO3: To compare the media news frames of the securitization of the "migration crisis" between the Northern, the Southern, and the Metropolitan Regions' mainstream press during 2014-2026. The empirical part includes the analysis of all informative pieces concerning the issues of security and immigration collected from the national editions of seven leading Chilean newspapers published in the Northern, Metropolitan, and Southern regions throughout a decade timespan (2014-2026). Such an elaborate dataset will reveal systematic longitudinal analysis across time, regions, and media outlets, providing a profound understanding of Chile's securitization of the "migration crisis." The proposed methodological paths for each SO are: SO1 will employ news framing analysis (de Vreese, 2005; Muñiz, 2011) to identify the media coverage frames of the securitization of the "migration crisis," applying a manual qualitative content analysis using Atlas. Ti 23 software for better coding manageability (Kovar, 2023; Vázquez-Herrero et al., 2022; Sarah-Liu, 2021). We will follow an inductive approach in which frames emerge from the collected corpus in situ (Semetko & Valkenburg, 2000) since it broadens the possibility of discovering a more amplified list of frames, thus contributing to a deeper analysis of the issue. SO2 will use a frequency analysis in Atlas.ti 23 and in Microsoft Excel (v2023) to identify and examine the most prominent media frames over the selected period. SO3 will follow a comparative analysis (Collier, 1993) to define similarities and/or differences between a) different media conglomerates (El Mercurio S.A.P and COPESA S.A) and independent outlets (Publimetro) and b) the Northern, the Metropolitan, and the Southern regions over the selected period. In addition, our longitudinal data (2014-2026) allows us to study possible changes in media framing covering the migration-security nexus over a decade, providing a comprehensive study on the issue currently under development across the national mainstream press. The main expected result is the generation of empirical evidence that advances understanding of the dominant frames of the securitization of the "migration crisis" in Chile. Given that most of the previous and current research on media securitization of migration has been EU or US-centered, our project calls for de-Westernizing this issue by contributing to a Latin American perspective to expand the geographical reach of research beyond European and US borders. As such, it offers new insights into the complexities of the securitization of the "migration crisis" in Chilean media and will contribute to the area of ​​Communication and Social Studies and anyone interested in migration and security issues. Likewise, since the securitization of migration reinforces a politics of fear and racism (Wodak, 2015), our findings may also concern the Ministry of the Interior and Public Security, which is responsible for public policies and laws regarding immigration. The association of migration with security can be reflected in laws and policies that the country may adopt toward migrants through limiting access to certain nationalities, changes in visa procedures, higher security controls, and, most importantly, deterioration of the rights of migrants (Planas Gifra, 2024). Finally, as this project will empirically identify migration-security patterns in the mainstream press and track their evolution, identifying potential shifts over a decade's time span, it will help us raise public and service awareness in Chile by generating policy papers, infographics, and seminars for the lay public and opinion columns in local and national media, among others.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649209804184{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center p-md-0 pt-5"][vc_column el_class="p-0"][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649210787516{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5 pb-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center"][vc_column][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section]

[vc_section el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center circle--pattern" css=".vc_custom_1648956589196{padding-top: 3rem !important;}"][vc_row el_class="pb-5"][vc_column][vc_wp_custommenu nav_menu="6"][uoh_breadcrumb_component automatic_breadcrumb="true"][uoh_title_component title_dropdown="big" title_decorator="true"]{{title}}[/uoh_title_component][vc_column_text css=""]In democratic countries, the effectiveness of police work relies on having public support. When the public believes in the police's legitimate authority, they are likelier to follow their orders and cooperate with law enforcement. Conversely, perceptions of unjust behavior, such as not allowing citizens to explain themselves during interactions (procedural injustice), can lead to defiance of police orders (defiant motivational postures). In fact, over recent decades, we have witnessed numerous violent protests, police brutality, and human rights violations by police forces worldwide, including in Chile. The Carabineros, Chile's primary police force, were once highly trusted by the Chilean population. However, incidents of corruption and excessive use of force during the October 2019 social outbreak severely damaged public trust in the police (Instituto Nacional de Derechos Humanos [INDH], 2021). Therefore, it is crucial to understand the extent to which individuals perceive the police as acting fairly and correctly (i.e., procedural justice) and how they interact with and view the police in Chile (i.e., motivational postures). Additionally, it is well documented in the international literature that people who belong to minority groups (such as migrants, indigenous people, black Americans, among others) may have more tense interactions with the police and suffer higher levels of discrimination when interacting with police officers. Particularly, in Chile, there is evidence that police forces have used, both historically and in the present day, excessive use of force in particular against minority groups, namely among Mapuche people, immigrants living in Chile, as well as youths from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Therefore, we argue that these interactions between citizens and police are not only theoretically significant but also have societal implications, potentially influencing levels of conflict or cohesion within a community. Furthermore, international studies have also shown that disproportionate use of force by law enforcement often targets marginalized communities, particularly minority groups. Members of these groups also experience higher levels of discrimination compared to more privileged social groups within specific contexts (Feldman et al., 2019; Gee & Ford, 2011). Such experiences erode trust in law enforcement and may provoke protests against the police or demands for police reforms, as well as the avoidance of the police, even their work may be necessary (Woods et al., 2015). Therefore, understanding the interplay between perceptions of procedural justice (Lind & Tyler, 1988; Tyler & Lind, 1992) and motivational postures (Braithwaite, 2003) is crucial for understanding police-minority interactions. In this light, the current project aims to understand how police-minority interactions in Chile are experienced and perceived in terms of procedural justice and motivational postures by considering the perspectives of three minority groups (namely, Mapuche people, immigrants living in Chile, and youths from low socioeconomic backgrounds) and police officers. To our knowledge, there is a scarcity of studies focusing on police-minority interactions in Chile. Thus, by developing three interconnected studies with minority group members (Studies 1 and 3) and police officers (Study 2), this project’s expected results aim to, firstly, contribute to the state-of-the-art from a theoretical perspective, with the aim of advancing our understanding of police-minority interactions, through a combination of different frameworks combining procedural justice and motivational postures. Second, from a practical standpoint, we aim to generate empirical evidence that enables our understanding of police- minority interactions and provide practical guidelines and public policy recommendations about ways in which minority-police interactions can improve and lead to higher levels of procedural justice and more compliance with law enforcement. To achieve our main objective, we will conduct three interconnected studies. First, we will implement a longitudinal qualitative analysis through focus groups with minority group members (Study 1). Secondly, we will conduct semi-structured interviews with police officers (Study 2) and, finally, we will conduct an experimental study to test the causal relationship between procedural justice and motivational postures from the perspective of minority group members (Study 3). Data will be collected in the North (Antofagasta), Center (Santiago) and South (Temuco) of Chile). We expect to publish four articles in peer-reviewed journals, organize three academic seminars with national and international scholars, and present our findings in different national and international conferences. We will also organize four dissemination activities with policy makers and Human Rights Organizations concerned with police violence and how this phenomenon particularly affects minority groups, as a means to contribute to and potentially influence the development of public policies in the area of police- minority interactions. Finally, we also aim to disseminate our results among Carabineros and other relevant actors within Chilean society, as well as civil society in general.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649209804184{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center p-md-0 pt-5"][vc_column el_class="p-0"][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649210787516{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5 pb-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center"][vc_column][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section]

[vc_section el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center circle--pattern" css=".vc_custom_1648956589196{padding-top: 3rem !important;}"][vc_row el_class="pb-5"][vc_column][vc_wp_custommenu nav_menu="6"][uoh_breadcrumb_component automatic_breadcrumb="true"][uoh_title_component title_dropdown="big" title_decorator="true"]{{title}}[/uoh_title_component][vc_column_text css=""]We propose a three-stage study to explore the roles of BCRNF on NUE, wheat productivity, and nutritional grain quality. In Stage 1, we will assay the effect of BCRNFs on N-dynamics and chemical soil properties through soil incubations performed under controlled conditions for 90 days. We will measure N-losses periodically through volatilization of NH3 and NO2. Additionally, we will quantify potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN), changes in the C:N ratio, and changes in pH and soil nutrient content during nine sampling dates. In Stage 2, two independent experiments will be conducted to evaluate the interaction among BCRNFs with soil and its effect on the morphological, physiological, and biochemical plant adaptive strategies related to NUE. In Experiment 1, wheat will be harvested at the pre-anthesis growth stage, and plant growth parameters and N concentration in tissues will be used to determine N uptake efficiency (NUPE). Additionally, it will measure plant adaptative strategies related to N-uptake, such as root architecture, exudation of organic acids by roots, and changes in enzymatic and microbial activities in the soil. In Experiment 2, wheat plants will be harvested at the maturity stage to evaluate the relationship between grain yield and N concentration to determine N utilization efficiency (NUTE). Plant adaptive strategies related to NUTE will also be assessed, including N-translocation and remobilization, CO2 assimilation rate (A), stomal conductance (gs), photosynthesis per unit of N, PNUE. In addition, the leaf response to the fluorescence and stay green trait will also be performed. The amount of nitrogen in grain derived from the fertilizer (Ndff) will be calculated using the δ15N values obtained from grains. In Stage 3, the effect of BCRNFs on wheat productivity and nutritional quality will be evaluated in field conditions. The trials will be conducted over two agricultural seasons, and the impact of BCRNFs on soil and plant samples will be assessed at three different stages: anthesis, soft dough grain, and hard dough grain. During these stages, the chemical properties of the soil, as well as microbial and enzymatic activities, will be evaluated. Photosynthetic parameters such as A, gs, Ci, E, Fo, Fm, and QY will be quantified. The plant height, harvest index, and yield components will be assessed at the end of each growing season. Grain quality indicators like protein content, gluten levels, and sedimentation rate will also be measured. Finally, the amount of nitrogen in grain derived from the fertilizer (Ndff) will be calculated using the δ15N values obtained from grains. This proposal focused on understanding the interconnections among soil, N-fertilizer, and plant physiology, using wheat as a model crop. The primary aim is to boost N management strategies in agriculture, ensuring a balance between productivity and sustainability. The initiative seeks to create a technological solution to enhance NUE, reduce environmental impact, and ensure global food security.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649209804184{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center p-md-0 pt-5"][vc_column el_class="p-0"][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649210787516{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5 pb-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center"][vc_column][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section]

[vc_section el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center circle--pattern" css=".vc_custom_1648956589196{padding-top: 3rem !important;}"][vc_row el_class="pb-5"][vc_column][vc_wp_custommenu nav_menu="6"][uoh_breadcrumb_component automatic_breadcrumb="true"][uoh_title_component title_dropdown="big" title_decorator="true"]{{title}}[/uoh_title_component][vc_column_text css=""]Objetivo general: Evaluar un modelo de resiliencia comunitaria ante el riesgo de incendio forestal en comunidades de la interfaz urbano-rural, considerando sus cosmovisiones ambientales, percepción del riesgo e implicación personal, diferenciando entre aquellas con y sin experiencia previa en desastres. Objetivo específico 1a y 1b: Establecer el grado de asociación e influencia de las cosmovisiones jerárquica, igualitaria, individualista y fatalista sobre la percepción de riesgo ante incendios forestales. Objetivo específico 2: Comparar el grado de percepción de riesgo ante incendios (VD) con el tipo de experiencia previa ante desastres, el nivel educativo (VI), los ingresos económicos (VI) y la edad (VI). Objetivo específico 3: Determinar el grado de asociación entre la percepción del riesgo de incendios y la resiliencia comunitaria, analizando el papel mediador de la implicación personal en esta relación. Objetivo específico 4: Analizar cómo la implicación personal media la relación entre la percepción del riesgo de incendios y la resiliencia comunitaria en personas con cosmovisiones jerárquica e igualitaria. Objetivo específico 5: Describir e interpretar cómo la experiencia previa ante desastres socionaturales afecta la percepción del riesgo, la implicación personal y la resiliencia comunitaria ante el riesgo de incendio, particularmente en personas con cosmovisiones jerárquica e igualitaria. Objetivo específico 6: Desarrollar un modelo interpretativo e integrador que explique la resiliencia comunitaria a partir de la relación de las cosmovisiones ambientales, la percepción de riesgo y la implicancia personal, en el contexto de incendios forestales en poblaciones expuestas, diferenciando entre aquellas con y sin experiencia previa en desastres[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649209804184{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center p-md-0 pt-5"][vc_column el_class="p-0"][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649210787516{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5 pb-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center"][vc_column][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section]

[vc_section el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center circle--pattern" css=".vc_custom_1648956589196{padding-top: 3rem !important;}"][vc_row el_class="pb-5"][vc_column][vc_wp_custommenu nav_menu="6"][uoh_breadcrumb_component automatic_breadcrumb="true"][uoh_title_component title_dropdown="big" title_decorator="true"]{{title}}[/uoh_title_component][vc_column_text css=""]Chile es uno de los países de América Latina y el Caribe con mayor población femenina privada de libertad recluida en centros penitenciarios. Del total de la población que se encuentra en estas condiciones, el 11,2% corresponde a mujeres. Situación que pone de manifiesto una serie de adversidades que deben sortear las mujeres privadas de libertad, producto del actual sistema penitenciario en Chile. En ese sentido, alerta de sobremanera la vulneración de los derechos sexuales y reproductivos de las mujeres privadas de libertad, así lo hizo saber el Informe del Subcomité para la Prevención de la Tortura y Otros Tratos o Penas Crueles, Inhumanos o Degradantes, respecto al impacto psicológico que genera en las mujeres la separación con sus hijos/as durante la prisión preventiva. Así mismo, el informe añade las condiciones adversas en las cuales se encuentran los recintos penitenciarios afectando el bienestar psicológico, emocional, físico y sexual de las mujeres, destaca la falta de acceso a los servicios de salud, la ausencia de recursos en materia de salud menstrual, la discriminación por género y orientación sexual. La realidad de las mujeres en el contexto penitenciario, ha sido un ámbito incipientemente abordado por la academia y precariamente problematizado en materia legislativa en Chile. Es por ello, que el presente proyecto busca indagar en esta materia desde la realidad de mujeres condenadas privadas de libertad en el complejo penitenciario de Rancagua, buscando conocer y analizar la discriminación genérica, el estigma asociado a la identidad de género y orientación sexual, y las vicisitudes respecto a sus procesos de salud sexual, reproductiva, no reproductiva y afectiva; así como proponer lineamientos en la intervención de las mismas a partir de su propia experiencia a indagar. El presente estudio utilizará un diseño cualitativo, con elementos del paradigma fenomenológico feminista y de los conocimientos situados de las epistemologías feministas. Para co-construir la información, se realizarán entrevistas semiestructuradas, mapeos corporales y grupos de discusión. Para el análisis de la información obtenida se utilizará el análisis temático cualitativo. Como resultados de este proyecto se prevé una aproximación situada a la realidad en materia de derechos sexuales y reproductivos de las mujeres privadas de libertad de la región de O’Higgins. A su vez, se espera establecer lineamientos de carácter interventivo que permitan otorgar un abordaje situado en las necesidades de las participantes, en materia de derechos humanos, sexuales y reproductivos, y en temas afines. Por último, se prevé mantener el vínculo para instancias colaborativas futuras que permitan un trabajo conjunto en estas temáticas.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649209804184{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center p-md-0 pt-5"][vc_column el_class="p-0"][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649210787516{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5 pb-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center"][vc_column][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section]