Proyectos

Cumplo un rol de Investigador Asociado. Which are the molecular and physiological mechanisms involved in priming and defense activation in cherry plants upon Pss infection? Are these mechanisms differentially activated between susceptible and resistance cherry varieties? Do susceptible and resistance cherry varieties present a differential priming under different PRIs exposure? Even more, the increasing of aridity and drought in the North of the country, the advancing desert toward the South and a reduction in water resources in the central zone of Chile, are expected along the XXI century. In this scenario of climate change, other question arises: Which are the molecular and physiological mechanisms involved in priming and defense activation in cherry plants upon Pss infection combined with water deficit? Through this proposal, we intend to answer to these questions, in order to establish the basis for optimize the control of the bacterial canker in cherry fruit tree, by strategies that provide for the use of resistance inductors. We propose two hypotheses: a) Cherry cultivars with differential susceptibility to bacterial canker, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, present genetic differences in the molecular machinery of plant immunity; b) Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae infection is enhanced by water restriction due to an alteration of the molecular machinery of plant immunity. The aims of this proposal is to obtain a better understanding of the plant-pathogen molecular interactions of sweet cherry bacterial canker in relationship with water deficit, using mainly omics strategies.

Soils constitute the largest terrestrial organic carbon (C) pool, which is three times the amount of CO2 currently in the atmosphere and several times the current annual fossil fuel emissions. Thus, increasing net soil C storage can represent a substantial C sink potential with the concomitant effect in the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions under climate change scenario. Soils in central areas of Chile showed very low organic C levels as consequence of an intensive activity of different industries such as agriculture and mining. In this sense, the high incorporation of agrochemicals in conventional and intensive agriculture and the inadequate disposal of wastes in mining operations can negatively impact the different natural and agro-ecosystems, with detrimental effects on the soil ranging from erosion, loss of organic matter (OM) and C, and a large accumulation of trace elements, which ultimately results in a significant decrease in the quality of this resource. A significant increase in the accumulation of a wide range of heavy metals in the soil, including copper, lead, cadmium and zinc among others have been widely described and associated to mining and agricultural industries. On the other hand, under the context of sustainable agriculture, the use of agricultural wastes and thus the recycling of nutrients through biotechnological strategies is receiving increasing attention. Globally, the annual production of agricultural residues is approximately 3.7 Pg of dry matter. Straw, roots, stems and other tissues of corn, wheat and rice, are the main annual crop residues, which represent approximately 40.6%, 24.2% and 15.7%, respectively, of world production. Moreover, according to the literature, approximately 3.8 billion tons of livestock (pig and cow) and poultry manure is produced annually. For the sustainable management of these residues, aerobic composting has served as technological approach to transform this organic material into soil amendments used to increase C stock and improve different physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. However, some type of composts is degraded relatively fast under field conditions producing important nutrient losses and GHG emissions among others. The utilization of clay minerals and recalcitrant C sources as pyrogenic C (biochar) produced by pyrolysis, have gained increasing interest as additives of composting operations, due to their influence in the reduction of GHG emissions and their effectivity in the stabilization of C both in compost and soils, leading to a cleaner compost production (reduced in emissions and leaching) and potentially C sequestrant amendments. In our previous research we reported an increase in the stabilization of C during the composting of beef manure and wheat straw mixtures and the potential sequestration of C once end-products were applied to grassland soil by the effect of halloysite (nanoclay) and oat-based biochar applied as additives. Therefore, and taking into account the positive effect related to the utilization of these additives in the composting mixture, to know how the composting process of pig manure-slurry (which is highly in heavy metal contents and GHG and odors emissions) and corn stubble can be affected by the utilization of these additives (e.g., biochar and halloysite nanoclay) in the stability of the final product has not been studied yet and result as an interesting topic of research. Moreover, the influence of additives in GHG emissions, odors, C stabilization, metal availability and the main physico chemical and biological properties during the process of composting of these organic material mixtures is also not known. Furthermore, to understand how the incorporation of this additives can also contribute in the accumulation of C and potential C sequestration once end-products are applied to metal polluted soils, and how the produced amendments affects the metal availability in soil also needs to be elucidate. Hence, this proposal suggests as main objectives 1.- To study the influence of oat based-biochar and halloysite nanoclay as additives in the composting of pig manure-slurry/corn stubble and 2.- To evaluate the effects of the end-products from composting process in the restoration of metal polluted soils from mining and agricultural industries. In a first stage, a composting study using agricultural waste co-composted with biochar and nanoclays will be conducted wherein C stabilization and gas emissions will be analyzed. Then, in order to determine the decomposition and the environmental impacts of compost in soils such as nutrient leaching and gas emissions, the produced compost will be mixed with soil and incubated. Finally, with the aim to analyze the impacts of compost in metal availability in heavy metal polluted soil, a mesocosm experiment under greenhouse conditions, and field trials will be conducted. For a better understanding of C stabilization, GHG emission, heavy metal availability and the potential mechanisms associated to the process, analytical techniques such as stable C isotope ratios (δ13C), CPMAS13CNMR spectroscopy and ICP-OES spectroscopy will be used in collaboration with the Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Spain (IRNAS-CSIC) and ICA-CSIC Madrid. It expects that the use of described additives will improve the composting of pig manure-slurry mixture producing amendments able to be efficiently used in the remediation of contaminated soils by increasing the preservation of C and reducing the availability of heavy metals minimizing its environmental impacts and losses

Este proyecto busca conectar al ecosistema de la ciencia y tecnología con las fortalezas y necesidades de la sociedad enmarcado en el territorio de la Macrozona Centro Sur, que abarca las regiones del Libertador Bernando O’Higgins, del Maule, de Ñuble y del BioBío. Se han analizado siete dimensiones relevantes para el desarrollo de la Ciencia como son la infraestructura, el equipamiento disponible, el capital humano, la investigación, la innovación y emprendimiento, los laboratorios naturales y el sector productivo. Desde este análisis han emergido las áreas OECD de la Agricultura, la Ingeniería, la Educación y la Salud con potenciales de crecimiento y mayor impacto en sus habitantes. Los objetivos específicos son: 1) Implementar un modelo de gobernanza de acuerdo a los desafíos y oportunidades identificadas y que permita mejorar la competitividad de Universidades, Centros de Investigación, y otras organizaciones representativas del ámbito público y privado; 2) Fortalecer competencias en innovación abierta, complejidad de innovación y ciencia abierta en el ecosistema de ciencia y tecnología, para analizar desafíos y oportunidades de la macrozona en un lenguaje común; 3) Implementar métodos y mejores prácticas de Ciencia abierta para su aplicación en el ecosistema de ciencia y tecnología de la macrozona en el desarrollo de hipótesis robustas y conectados con sus capacidades y ventajas territoriales. Para realizar esta tarea se creará un comité de coordinación de la macrozona con la participación de la SEREMI de CTCI que convocará a académicos de disciplinas múltiples en concordancia con mesas temáticas transversales y específicas, en conjunto con el sector público y privado, grupo que denominaremos el ecosistema de ciencia y tecnología bajo el paradigma de ciencia abierta (eCTCI-CA), para co-crear un modelo de Ciencia abierta aplicado a la discusión de iniciativas las temáticas específicas propuestas: 1) Creación de modelos asociativos para el capital creativo, 2) Estructuras de convergencias de servicios territoriales, 3) Incorporación de nuevos modelos educativos, 4) Implementación de datos abiertos para el desarrollo de hipótesis, 5) Desarrollo de agricultura de nueva generación, 6) Inclusión de ruralidad sustentable, 7) Adaptación al cambio climático, 8) Desarrollo de Bioeconomía sostenible, 9) Implementado manufactura avanzada y nanomateriales, 9) Prevención y resiliencia del desastre, 10) Conectando investigación básica con la clínica aplicada a la salud pública. Durante la ejecución del proyecto por 2 años el eCTCI-CA será guiado en actividades de creación de confianza y de competencias en el desarrollo de proyectos utilizando metodologías de ciencia abierta, innovación abierta y ágiles. Colaborando en equipos multidisciplinarios con actores claves del sector público y privado para fortalecer la vinculación de las preguntas de investigación con el territorio y la sociedad componente. El impacto esperado de este proyecto es fortalecer la vinculación de las preguntas científicas con su territorio y sociedad, generar hipótesis y conocimiento desde equipos multidisciplinarios y colaborativos, y de manera recíproca conectar las políticas públicas con los requerimientos de eCTCI-CA bajo un paradigma de Ciencia Abierta. Para mantener la sustentabilidad en el tiempo de la iniciativa se propone la creación de una gobernanza con responsabilidades y liderazgo compartidos entre los asociados al proyecto y la creación de un modelo de transferencia de conocimiento al sistema público y privado.

Mining activities have discharged large amounts of wastes or mine tailings to the environment, which represent an important environmental issue. Mine tailings are mainly characterised by poor physicochemical properties that limit the plant establishment and development. The most negative property in these mine wastes is the high content of metals and metalloids [metal(loid)s], which are often highly toxic due to acid pH that increases metal(loid) bioavailability. This negatively affects living organisms and ecological functioning since soil microorganisms are pioneer colonisers that mediate the plant establishment. Also, mine tailings are usually deposited in abandoned locations of large land cover; from where, due to their physical characteristics, they can be transported by air and water, affecting communities and the environment in surrounding areas. There are several industrial strategies focused on the physical and chemical management of mine tailings, but these are highly expensive and occasionally not effective. These strategies have not been suitable techniques to reduce negative impacts of mine tailings on the environment. In this context, biological approaches, such as phytoremediation, have been proposed as more appropriate strategies due to low cost, easy applicability, and promising results. Nevertheless, most of the studies focused on phytoremediation of mine tailings, especially Chilean studies, have been performed in laboratory conditions. Although these studies show promising conclusions, in many cases unsuccessful results are obtained at field conditions, mainly due to laboratory experiments do not consider the dynamic field variability and potential ecological interactions. Based on the above, the proposed research aims to evaluate the effect of the initial addition of organic-mineral amendments and the bioaugmentation of microbial communities with “core microbiome” from the root-zone of native herbaceous on the growth and development of native plants and microbial communities at copper mine tailings. We hypothesise that the growth and development of native plants in mine tailings will be promoted by the improvement of physicochemical properties of modified mine tailings (incipient technosols) through the addition of organic-mineral amendments, and the bioaugmentation of microbial communities with “core microbiome” involved in plant fitness obtained from copper mine tailings and surrounding soils. To evaluate the mentioned hypothesis, this study will be executed in three phases: 1) Initial field characterisation: this will be done for mine tailings and soils under sclerophyllous forest; 2) Collection and recruitment of “core microbiome”: this will study the composition, function, and interactions of “core microbiome” obtained from the root-zone of native herbaceous established on mine tailings and soils under sclerophyllous forest, by which a laboratory-scale assay it is needed to produce inoculum of such ecological units (cores); 3) Restoration field experiment: this consists on the field establishment of native herbaceous species by bioaugmentation with “core microbiome” from root-zone mine tailings and root-zone soil on incipient technosols produced by the addition of organic-mineral amendments on mine tailings. These phases are designed to be performed in three years. This study can provide insights of the promotion of ecological process and natural resilience on microbial communities of mine tailings and surroundings, which can allow the initial plant establishment a development for later possible plant recruitment from the native sclerophyllous forest. This would also evaluate whether mine tailings can be in situ managed instead of been totally removed, which implies high costs and workflow to enterprises. Additionally, this study would represent the first approach of the evaluation of the biological functioning and composition of microbial communities from root-zone mine tailings in Chile, from its current state to the subsequent restoration process.

Mining activities have discharged large amounts of wastes or mine tailings to the environment, which represent an important environmental issue. Mine tailings are mainly characterised by poor physicochemical properties that limit the plant establishment and development. The most negative property in these mine wastes is the high content of metals and metalloids [metal(loid)s], which are often highly toxic due to acid pH that increases metal(loid) bioavailability. This negatively affects living organisms and ecological functioning since soil microorganisms are pioneer colonisers that mediate the plant establishment. Also, mine tailings are usually deposited in abandoned locations of large land cover; from where, due to their physical characteristics, they can be transported by air and water, affecting communities and the environment in surrounding areas. There are several industrial strategies focused on the physical and chemical management of mine tailings, but these are highly expensive and occasionally not effective. These strategies have not been suitable techniques to reduce negative impacts of mine tailings on the environment. In this context, biological approaches, such as phytoremediation, have been proposed as more appropriate strategies due to low cost, easy applicability, and promising results. Nevertheless, most of the studies focused on phytoremediation of mine tailings, especially Chilean studies, have been performed in laboratory conditions. Although these studies show promising conclusions, in many cases unsuccessful results are obtained at field conditions, mainly due to laboratory experiments do not consider the dynamic field variability and potential ecological interactions. Based on the above, the proposed research aims to evaluate the effect of the initial addition of organic-mineral amendments and the bioaugmentation of microbial communities with “core microbiome” from the root-zone of native herbaceous on the growth and development of native plants and microbial communities at copper mine tailings. We hypothesise that the growth and development of native plants in mine tailings will be promoted by the improvement of physicochemical properties of modified mine tailings (incipient technosols) through the addition of organic-mineral amendments, and the bioaugmentation of microbial communities with “core microbiome” involved in plant fitness obtained from copper mine tailings and surrounding soils. To evaluate the mentioned hypothesis, this study will be executed in three phases: 1) Initial field characterisation: this will be done for mine tailings and soils under sclerophyllous forest; 2) Collection and recruitment of “core microbiome”: this will study the composition, function, and interactions of “core microbiome” obtained from the root-zone of native herbaceous established on mine tailings and soils under sclerophyllous forest, by which a laboratory-scale assay it is needed to produce inoculum of such ecological units (cores); 3) Restoration field experiment: this consists on the field establishment of native herbaceous species by bioaugmentation with “core microbiome” from root-zone mine tailings and root-zone soil on incipient technosols produced by the addition of organic-mineral amendments on mine tailings. These phases are designed to be performed in three years. This study can provide insights of the promotion of ecological process and natural resilience on microbial communities of mine tailings and surroundings, which can allow the initial plant establishment a development for later possible plant recruitment from the native sclerophyllous forest. This would also evaluate whether mine tailings can be in situ managed instead of been totally removed, which implies high costs and workflow to enterprises. Additionally, this study would represent the first approach of the evaluation of the biological functioning and composition of microbial communities from root-zone mine tailings in Chile, from its current state to the subsequent restoration process.

Aún lejos de tener una vacuna efectiva y segura, los gobiernos nacionales han tenido que establecer medidas sanitarias (e.g. cuarentena) para reducir el impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19. Sin embargo, no existe claridad respecto a cuáles medidas son las más eficaces y cómo la efectividad de éstas es afectada por diferentes contextos sociales, demográficos y epidemiológicos. El objetivo de esta propuesta es desarrollar un estudio observacional para evaluar el impacto de las diferentes medidas de control aplicadas por la autoridad sanitaria sobre la dinámica de COVID-19, a nivel comunal y de áreas metropolitanas, utilizando la información generada por el Ministerio de Salud. Los datos serán analizados utilizando modelos de regresión para datos de conteo, lo que permitirá evaluar potenciales desfases en el tiempo de los efectos de las medidas de control, junto con considerar el efecto de variables potencialmente confundentes. Al finalizar este estudio, la autoridad sanitaria dispondrá de evidencia científica para sustentar el establecimiento de diferentes medidas de control para COVID-19, dependiendo de contextos sociales, demográficos y epidemiológicos, permitiendo enfatizar aquellas medidas más adecuadas para cada caso. Los modelos quedarán disponibles en una aplicación web donde podrán ser interrogados por las autoridades sanitarias.

Aún lejos de tener una vacuna efectiva y segura, los gobiernos nacionales han tenido que establecer medidas sanitarias (e.g. cuarentena) para reducir el impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19. Sin embargo, no existe claridad respecto a cuáles medidas son las más eficaces y cómo la efectividad de éstas es afectada por diferentes contextos sociales, demográficos y epidemiológicos. El objetivo de esta propuesta es desarrollar un estudio observacional para evaluar el impacto de las diferentes medidas de control aplicadas por la autoridad sanitaria sobre la dinámica de COVID-19, a nivel comunal y de áreas metropolitanas, utilizando la información generada por el Ministerio de Salud. Los datos serán analizados utilizando modelos de regresión para datos de conteo, lo que permitirá evaluar potenciales desfases en el tiempo de los efectos de las medidas de control, junto con considerar el efecto de variables potencialmente confundentes. Al finalizar este estudio, la autoridad sanitaria dispondrá de evidencia científica para sustentar el establecimiento de diferentes medidas de control para COVID-19, dependiendo de contextos sociales, demográficos y epidemiológicos, permitiendo enfatizar aquellas medidas más adecuadas para cada caso. Los modelos quedarán disponibles en una aplicación web donde podrán ser interrogados por las autoridades sanitarias.

Aún lejos de tener una vacuna efectiva y segura, los gobiernos nacionales han tenido que establecer medidas sanitarias (e.g. cuarentena) para reducir el impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19. Sin embargo, no existe claridad respecto a cuáles medidas son las más eficaces y cómo la efectividad de éstas es afectada por diferentes contextos sociales, demográficos y epidemiológicos. El objetivo de esta propuesta es desarrollar un estudio observacional para evaluar el impacto de las diferentes medidas de control aplicadas por la autoridad sanitaria sobre la dinámica de COVID-19, a nivel comunal y de áreas metropolitanas, utilizando la información generada por el Ministerio de Salud. Los datos serán analizados utilizando modelos de regresión para datos de conteo, lo que permitirá evaluar potenciales desfases en el tiempo de los efectos de las medidas de control, junto con considerar el efecto de variables potencialmente confundentes. Al finalizar este estudio, la autoridad sanitaria dispondrá de evidencia científica para sustentar el establecimiento de diferentes medidas de control para COVID-19, dependiendo de contextos sociales, demográficos y epidemiológicos, permitiendo enfatizar aquellas medidas más adecuadas para cada caso. Los modelos quedarán disponibles en una aplicación web donde podrán ser interrogados por las autoridades sanitarias.

En esta pandemia causada por el virus SARS-CoV-2, nos cuestionamos si ciertas especies de fauna se transformarán en reservorios del virus en nuestro país. Línea base: Se ha detectado positividad en felinos domésticos (Shi y col. 2020, Science eabb7015) y en zoológicos, sugiriendo exposición de las especies nativas, especialmente al incursionar en sectores urbanos, donde la exposición al virus es mayor. Ademas, se ha reportado enfermedad respiratoria causada por SARS-CoV-2 en granjas de visones en Europa, con la consiguiente diseminación del virus a los humanos (Oude Munnink y Col. 2020, Science abe5901). Por otra parte, en murciélagos y roedores se describe infección por distintos virus (Luis y col. 2013 Proc. Biol. Sci. 280: 20122753). Algunas especies tienen un hábitat estrechamente relacionado a las viviendas, lo que facilita que exista spill-over (“derrame” de patógenos) hacia la población humana; en este caso, dado que son las personas quienes portan el virus en Chile, podría ocurrir spill-back (retorno de los patógenos a los animales o zoonosis reversa) (Daszak y col. 2000, Science 287: 443-449). Las consecuencias en animales silvestres aún no se han investigado en profundidad; podrían ser nefastas si provoca cuadros clínicos debilitantes o mortalidad. En especies consideradas plaga, su infección constituiría un riesgo inminente de diseminación a la población. Con la información a obtener, se podrán establecer protocolos de manejo, difusión y prevención comunitaria para proteger a la biodiversidad y a la población chilena.

Este proyecto tiene como objetivo, ejecutar un sistema de extensión para productores hortícolas y apícolas de la región de O’Higgins, junto con un sistema de monitoreo de peligros alimentarios, un sistema de cultura de inocuidad y un SELLO o marca de certificación en base a criterios de inocuidad alimentaria.